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From BrewWiki
An important characteristic in beers is the ability of the beer to retain a nice foamy [[head]] for a long period of time. Commercial brewers go to great lengths to improve head retention by a variety of additives. However homebrewers also have access to quite a few ingredients and additives that can help your foam last until the last drop.
Foam is the result of CO2 bubbles rising through the beer. These bubbles attach themselves to substances in the beer and form a skin around the bubble. Obviously the more CO2, the more bubbles, but the goal of the brewer is not bubbles but stability of the head. Head stability depends on the presence of substances with low surface tension in the beer which can form stable elastic bubbles.
The two primary contributors to head retention are certain high molecular weight proteins and isohumulones (alpha acids from hops). Therefore beers with more proteins that are highly hopped will have a higher head retention.
==Methods for Improving Head Retention==
We will explore the following possibilities:
* The use of body and head enhancing [[Malt||malts]] such as crystal, wheat, or carafoam
* The altering of the [[Mashing|mash schedule]] to enhance head retaining proteins
* The use of heading agents - additives that enhance head retention
* Limiting the use of household soaps on drinking glasses and homebrew equipment
===Head Enhancing Malts===
The inclusion of proteins and dextrines enhance the body and head retention of finished beer. ProteinsUnfortunately when used to excess, proteins and dextrines can interact with tannins and reduce clarity and promote cloudiness, so a proper balance must be struck. Crystal malts to include the light Carapils and Carafoam, caramel malts, and
